Difference between Basic and Applied Research

Basic research	Applied Research
Purpose	purpose
-          Expand knowledge of  business process and management	-          Improve understand of particular business or management problem
-          Results in universal principles relating to the process and its relationship to outcomes.	-          Results in solution to problem
-          Finding of significance and value to society in general	-          Finding of practical relevance and value to manager(s) in organisation(s)
Context	Context
-          Undertaken by people based in universities	-          Undertaken by people based in a variety of setting including organisations and universities
-          Choice of topic and objectives determined by the researcher	-          Objectives negotiated with originator
-          Flexible timescales	-          Tight timescales

QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL REVIEW OF PUBLISHED PAPERS

Hello guyz,

i would like to share with you these questions which are useful when providing a critical review of a published paper.

when you are doing a critical review of a published paper you should make sure you answer all questions based on the paper you are criticising.

• Why is this article interesting/important?

• Are the outcomes important?

• What has motivated the authors to write this article when the did?

• What is the research problem/question?

• What theory or theoretical framework underpins the research?

• What are the key motivating literatures on which the study depends?

• Which research method has been chosen?

• How has the sample been selected?

• How have questions of validity been addressed?

• How has the data/evidence been analysed?

• Are the conclusions and recommendations consistent with the findings?

How To Write A Reflective Report

Reflective reporting

Reflection in this context is a process of considering what you have learned, how useful it is, and how it may affect your future personal and career development.

Critical reflection helps you to give some coherence to your learning by relating it to what you already know, and to your plans for the future.

The nature of reflection is very varied. Reflection may encompass:

• the norms underlying your judgments
• the strategies implicit in your behaviour
• the theories that underpin your actions
• your feelings about what you are doing
• your role in the organisational (group) context

Reflective thinking is more than using logic and reasoning to construct or justify an argument or assertion. It is also about the assumptions underlying your beliefs and your actions. Think about the justification for your way of approaching a problem in terms of the rationality of your actions, the practicality of your actions and the morality of your actions.

Reflection involves thinking about what happened, what went right and what went wrong. Why things turned out the way they did. What happened as a result of your action or inaction. What you have learned. What is left to learn. What to do next time.

Reflection works best when you think about what you are doing before, during and after your learning experience.

You may write in the first person.

Professionalism and reflection

Reflective thinking is part of what it means to be a professional. In our context professionalism is characterised by:

• A commitment to understanding and applying relevant knowledge. (Theories, methods, practices)
• An acknowledgement of the professional skills and knowledge of others.
• A recognition that professional judgments are open to question.
• Being prepared to read, research and learn from others in order to fully understand.
• A consideration of your own strengths and weaknesses.
• Being prepared to be flexible.

A commitment to professional ethics involves

• Honesty, openness, fairness and sensitivity when dealing with others.
• Open and effective communications.
• Demystifying technical language.
• Being able to give rational justifications for your actions and decisions.
• Respecting confidentiality.
• Giving due credit to others who have helped you in your work and citing sources for the information you have used, etc.
• Acceptance of responsibility for your professional actions.

Self-questioning to promote reflection

Before you begin a project ask yourself what you already know that is relevant. What would you like to learn from the project? What will you be able to do when the project is complete that you cannot do now, or how can you improve your professional performance?
During your learning ask yourself:

• What am I learning?
• Who and what is proving helpful?
• What connections can be made to other areas of study?
• How and where might I use my new knowledge and competence?

After the learning episode or project ask yourself:

• What can I do better now?
• What surprised me?
• Who and what helped?
• What questions are yet to be answered?
• What next?

The personal debriefing approach to reflection

After completing the learning take time to think and reflect. This can involve reference to notes, discussion with others, dredging your memory in order to:

• Describe the experience.
• Describe how the actual practice relates to the original aims.
• Describe events and actions, then feelings.
• Positive and negative feelings should be described and owned. Consider for example the feelings you had of surprise, frustration, boredom, anger, excitement, pleasure, self-satisfaction. (Feelings are often a good guide to how your learning is progressing.)
• Out of the above descriptions analyse the experience.
• Analyse in relation to the original aims and objectives. Try to reach a judgement on what you achieved (citing appropriate evidence). Analyse the whole experience in terms of such as the thoroughness of your work, the relation to the latest knowledge and practice, how clients were handled (if appropriate) Consider equal opportunities issues if this is appropriate.
• Consider new approaches that you might use in future work. How are your plans for the future changed?

The journal or portfolio approach to reflection

Keeping a journal, or diary, of events is a great help for reflection and promoting learning. Keeping a journal involves:

• Expressing what happened in writing, which is itself a process of clarification
• Writing forces you to focus on what actually happened and aids the separation of events from their interpretation and your feelings about them.
• Expressing your feelings about events in writing helps you understand them better.

Remember the journal is a private document for your exclusive use. Keeping a journal involves:

• Creating a personal document. Do whatever suits you best.
• Being honest with yourself. Learn to write about how things are, not how you would like them to be. Or at least learn to separate these two :-)
• Being positive.
• Being spontaneous. There is no need to agonise over the grammar, or choice of words.
• Using pictures, doodles, diagrams, mind-maps as appropriate.
• Recording your feelings!
• Recording experiences as soon as possible after they happen. Use a PDA or (preferably) a notebook, and/or a voice recorder
• Making a regular time to write up your journal.
• Dating all your entries.

Format for a reflective report

A suitable structure is as follows:

Introduction: An explanation of the aims and objectives of the learning experience.

Part 1: A reasoned, ordered and critical account of your learning. Include key theoretical, conceptual and applied learning points.

Part 2: Critically evaluate your new learning and how it relates to your existing understanding.

Part 3: A demonstration of how the new knowledge has developed you as a person and as a professional. How it might be used in a work situation. How you could have done things better.

Appendices: Original working notes, materials provided, a bibliography of references you have used indicating the extent of your reading, reference to any outcomes of the learning in the form of documents or software.

Havard Referencing For Accounting, Finance,Business, Human Resources Students

Books

In your text just quote the author’s surname and date the book was published. If it is a direct quotation you should use quotation marks, and a page number, eg “ Several firms have passed beyond the international division stage and become truly global organisations” ( Kotler, 2006 p.240 )

In your reference list you would expand on the details, giving the author’s name and initial, year, title of the book, edition ( other than the first ), Place of publication ( optional ) and publisher’s name. Thus :

Kotler, P et al (2006)  Principles of marketing. 4^th ed. Harlow : Pearson Education 

Note that the abbreviation et al (and others) can be used if a book or journal has more than three authors.

Sometimes a book may have a corporate author, for example a Key Note Market Report.

A third of all men now use facial skincare products ( Key Note Report, 2006 )

Key Note Market Assessment (2006) Men’s toiletries & fragrances. 4^th ed. Hampton : Key Note

Books with an Editor

If you are using a book with an editor you should quote the person who has written the particular chapter or part, and then give the full details in your Reference List.

Eg  (Goonroos,1996) in the text….and in the reference list :

Goonroos, G (1996) The rise and fall of modern marketing in Shaw, A and Hood N Marketing in evolution.  London: Macmillan Press

Secondary Referencing

Secondary referencing is likely to be a major occurrence for Business School students. It occurs where one book or journal is quoting an earlier source. If this is the case you should name both authors in the text, but only list the full details of the one you have read in the reference list.

In the text therefore…

Gladwell (2000) is cited by Andreasen (2006) as claiming that social causes can be renamed epidemics.

If you have  read the book by Andreasen, only the full-details of this are included in your final list.

Andreasen, A. (2006) Social marketing in the 21^st century. London : Sage

Journals

Within the text of your work the Harvard reference is similar to that for a book, ie simply the author’s name / names and the date of publication.

Sekera & Bagozzi (2007) stress the importance of ethical decision making at work

In your reference list :

Sekera L & Bagozzi, P (2007) Moral courage in the workplace Business ethics : a European Review 16 (2) p.134-149

Newspapers

Newspapers should be treated as journals. An author should be quoted if their details can be traced. It is likely that you may of course find many newspaper articles online

There has been controversy about the fact that many gym memberships tie customers into lengthy contracts ( Beale, 2009)

Beale, N (2009) Not fit for purpose. Guardian, 15^th August via Newsbank [online] Available at http://library.beds.ac.uk  (Accessed 21^st August 2009)

If no author is given quote the newspaper name in the text and reference list.

Cheap flights have given a major incentive to those undertaking a snowboarding holiday ( Financial Times, 2009)

Financial Times (2009) Snowboarding in Switzerland, 7^th Feb p.13

Electronic Journals ( found via databases )

If you access a journal electronically you need to state the name of the database which you used, and how you accessed it. For example you may have done this through the University of Bedfordshire library catalogue. With any electronic reference you are also required to include the date that you used the material.

Sekera L & Bagozzi, P (2007) Moral courage in the workplace Business ethics : a European Review 16 (2) p.134-149 Business Source Premier [Online] Available at : http://library.beds.ac.uk/ ( Accessed: 21^st August 2009 )

Electronic Journals and other webpages

When you are citing material found on webpages you must provide enough information so that a reader would be able to locate your source. If an author can be located use their name, otherwise use the name of the website or even the URL.

In January it was reported ( BBC website, 2008a) that house prices were rising at the lowest levels for over a decade. Proof of a recession was further evidenced by poor Christmas sales (BBC website, 2008b)

Note that if you are citing several articles published in the same year use a,b,c etc. These can then be distinguished in your reference list

BBC Website (2008a) House prices ‘slowest since 1996’ Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/business/716306.stm. ( Accessed 8th January 2008 )

BBC Website (2008b)  Festive sales at ‘three year low’ Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/business/715261.stm. ( Accessed 8th January 2008 )