Taxation case study: Sole trader to limited company

Question

Discuss the following in relation to income tax, corporation tax, capital gains tax, value added tax, and National insurance:

1.      What special need to be considered at the end of the sole trader business?

2.      What special issues need to be considered at the start of the limited company business?

3.      What tax reliefs could be used to minimise any tax liabilities following the change in business ownership?

4.      From a tax-only viewpoint what method(s) of personal cash extraction from the company would benefit James (illustrate any potential tax savings or increase compared to his profits as a sole trader)?

5.      Should the company own the car or should James retain it outside the company?

 Ans:

INTRODUCTION

Mr James Fish is a sole trader who has been advised by his accountant to change his sole proprietorship business which has been trading for ten years in to a limited company. James Fish is a high income earner (his profit being around £50,000) and after the change to a limited company he will be the only director and therefore he will be entitled to the whole profit of the business. This change from sole trader to a limited company will surely have an impact on James’s tax liability due to different tax rates and rules between sole trader and limited company.
Therefore this report will be discussing issues which James should consider at the end of the sole trade and at the start of the limited company. Moreover, this report will assess the tax savings or increase due to the change and any possible tax relief which James could use to reduce his tax liability. Furthermore, it will advice James on whether he should retain the car outside the business or let the company own it. After discussion of all important matters in relation to income tax, capital gains tax, corporation tax, National insurance and value added tax (VAT), recommendation will be given on whether James should incorporate his business or not and if yes, what he can do to reduce his tax liability.

ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED AT THE END OF THE SOLE TRADER


At the end of the sole proprietorship, there are issues which need to be considered such as overlap profit, overlap relief, trading losses, and capital allowance, VAT and Capital Gain Tax. According to Melville, (2011) an overlap profit arises when the business accounting period ends not on 5th April. However, any business with accounting period ending between 31st March and 4th April will be treated as if the accounting period ends on 5th April in order to avoid very small overlap period and profit. Overlap profit results when profit at some point is charged tax twice on one tax assessment. In James’s case, it is clear that there must be an overlap profit due to the fact that his business accounting period ends on 30th April. Therefore at some point James’s profit was charged twice in one tax assessment (see appendix 1).

The presence of an overlap profit in the opening years raises another issue called overlap relief. The business will be relieved through deduction of the amount of the overlap profit raised in the opening years from the business trading profit of which tax is to be charged in the final year of the business. The aim of this relief is to make sure that the total amount of tax charged on trading profit is equal to the one charged in each accounting period on adjusted trading profit. Since it was concluded that James’s business has got an overlap profit, therefore his business will be entitled to an overlap relief at the end of the business (during incorporation). If this overlap profit is higher than his trading profit then the loss will be eligible for the tax relief, however in James’s case this will be unlikely due to his high trading profit compared to 11 months (see appendix 1) of overlap profit. However, an overlap profit may increase or decrease during the trading period due to change in accounting date. This happens when the business decides to change from one ending accounting date to another. Therefore an overlap profit from the earlier years may either be relieved by subtraction from the profit or more overlap profit come up during the change.

Another issue to be considered is cessation of trade. This happens when the sole trader decide to sell his/her business or dies or retire from the business (Melville, 2011). Incorporation is treated as a cessation due to the fact that owner of the business is the one who is charged income tax and not the business, therefore, it is an ending of one business and starting another. If the business ceases in the same year which trade commenced, then tax will be charged on the whole period of the business. If the business in the second year ceases its trading, then the basis period for taxation will start from 6th April to cessation date. If the business ceases it’s trading in third or more years, then the tax chargeable in final year will be charged from the end of the previous tax year to the date of the cessation which may be shorter, equal or longer than twelve month period. In James’s case, it is clear from the question that he has been trading for ten years; therefore he will be charged tax from the end of the previous tax year to the cessation date.

Capital allowance is another issue to be considered at the end of the sole trader business. According to hmrc.gov.uk capital allowance is the tax relief on capital expenditure in form of standardised depreciation allowance. In James’s case the only business asset is the motor car. Even though it is not clear when the car was bought, James can claim for capital allowance for the car of 20% if the car falls under main pool (cars acquired after 6th April or with CO2 emissions of 160g/km or less) or 10% if it falls under special pool (cars with CO2 emission over 160g/km) and this allowance should be calculated with respect to the period of accounts (chargeable period). This is because capital allowance is given in respect of period of account (chargeable periods). Moreover if James did not claim the maximum written down allowance during the previous years, then his written down value brought forward will be higher and at the same time his allowance available for this chargeable period (the last one) will be higher as well.

Another thing which James should consider is if there are any trading losses in the final year. If there is any trading losses then James will able to claim for the terminal trade loss relief even though it does not look to be the case in James’s business due to his average profit of around £50000 per annum. Next issue to be considered is Value added tax. “VAT is an indirect tax which is charged on the supply of a wide variety of goods and services” (Melville, (2010). Traders who are registered with VAT suffer nothing due to the fact final consumer are the one bearing the burden of VAT. Therefore James as a registered VAT trader can recover the VAT he paid to his suppliers from the HMRC.

 One more issue which should be considered is Capital gain tax. This gain arises if there is a chargeable person (individual or companies), chargeable disposal (sale or gift of whole or part of assets, and chargeable asset (property, etc regardless of their location). In James’s case, the transfer of the business into a limited company will be treated as the sale of his business assets in return for shares wholly or partly plus cash. Therefore he should consider the capital gain tax since he will be charged 28% or 18% depending on his income level after being exempted £10100. However this tax liability can be reduced if James has met conditions to claim for capital gain tax relief such as entrepreneurs’ relief.

Furthermore, James could claim for a transitional overlap relief if his business existed before 6th April 1994 (before this date, tax was assessed on the preceding year basis), however in James’s case this is not possible due to the fact his business was established 10 years from now (2011).

ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED AT THE START OF THE LIMITED COMPANY


When starting a limited company there are issues such as requirements under the company Act 2006, classification of the company, the duties of the directors, the scale of the corporation tax, VAT registration and rates of the corporation tax which should be considered. At the start of the limited company, registrar of the companies should be provided with the memorandum and articles of association with the name, objectives, address of the company, directors, company secretary ( not necessary for private company) and the type of liability. Moreover the company under the Company Act 2006 is required to keep statutory books to record its constitution and books of accounts to record its transactions according to financial reporting standards, international accounting standards or international financial report standards. However for small companies, they may adopt financial reporting standards for smaller entities which they are within the UK GAAP. The company can be classified as small due to its turnover being less than £6.5m, its balance sheet balance being less than £3.26m or having less than 50 employees. However medium Size Company will have a turnover of less than £25.9m, a balance sheet balance of less than £12.9m, or less than 250 employees. Another issue to be considered is director’s duties under the Company Act 2006 which are duty to act within powers, duty to promote the company’s success, exercise independent judgement, exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence, avoid conflicts of interest, duty to not accept benefit from third parties, and duty to declare interest in proposed transactions. Since limited company will be charged corporation tax, the scope of the tax should be considered at the start of the company. For the tax purpose, the company is a UK resident if it is incorporated in UK or if it is controlled and managed from UK. All UK companies are charged Corporation Tax regardless of where or how they earn their profit. One more issue which should be considered at the start of the limited company is the rate of tax. Corporation tax is charged on all company’s profit and gains (capital gain) at the rate of 21% for the profit less or equal to £300000, then 29.75% for the profit between £300001 and £1499999 and 28% for the profit more or equal to £1500000. However, the company will be able to save on capital gain by using indexation allowance which aims at ensuring that the company gains which are caused by inflation are not charged to tax. The company can pay dividend to its owners after tax or it can pay salary before corporation tax of which it will have to pay national insurance class 1B. Final issue is VAT registration, James since he has already registered with the VAT when he was trading as a sole trader, then he can either apply for a new registration number for his limited company by completing an application form, or asks to retain the previous number. Since it is clear that James wants to retain his old VAT number then he will have to complete an application form plus form VAT68. Moreover he may also have to complete form VAT2 Partnership details.

POSSIBLE TAX RELIEFS


There are some tax relief which James could use to minimise his tax liability following the change in business ownership such as Terminal Trade Loss relief, incorporation relief and entrepreneurs’ relief. Terminal trade loss relief can be claimed when the incorporated business suffer a loss in their last 12months of trading. This loss can be set against the profit earned by the business in the year of cessation or within the previous three years starting with the latest first. Moreover, if there is still a loss which has not been relieved, then that loss can be set against income (salary, dividend and interest) received by directors or shareholder of the company. However, in James’s situation this may not be the case because it is clear that, his profit has been around £50000 and this will continue. Therefore there will be no loss relief to be claimed by James.

Another relief which James could use to minimise his tax liability is incorporation relief. Incorporation relief arise when there is a gain earned due to transfer of an unincorporated business to a limited company in return for that company’s shares. This gain is held over until the day where the transferor sells those shares and then he or she can claim for the relief. For the transferor to be able to claim for this relief he or she must meet certain conditions such as, the business transferred to limited company as a going concern, all assets (except cash) has been transferred to the company and the transferor has received shares wholly or partly as part of the consideration. In James’s situation, since he is willing to be the only owner, this means that he will transfer the whole business into a limited company in return for shares, therefore he will be able to claim for this relief as long as there is any gain earned due to this transfer. This relief applies automatically and therefore there will be no need for James to claim for it, however he can decide not to apply for the relief.

Another relief is entrepreneurs’ relief which arise due to material disposal of assets of the business. According to Melville, (2011) Material disposal of assets means whole or part disposal of sole trader/partnership business assets owned during the period of one year to the day of disposal, disposal on cessation of trade of assets used in the business, or disposal of the company’s securities or shares where the seller is the owner of the company. In James’s situation, James will be able to claim for this relief since he has met all the conditions and therefore he will be charged 10% on the gain earned during this disposal, however there is a lifetime limit of £5million of gains which he can claim. Therefore if James has not exceeded this lifetime limit then he has to claim for the relief before a year 31st Jan after the end of the tax year of disposal.

POSSIBLE TAX SAVING/INCREASE DUE TO CHANGE


One question James’s would ask himself is what is the impact of the change in relation to tax? This question will be answered in this section of the report.

There are possible tax saving and possible tax increase due to incorporation depending on James’s decisions after incorporation. One of the decisions which will affect James’s tax liability is the decision of being paid salary by the company since he is the only director of the company. This decision will help James’s company to reduce the amount of the corporation tax liability since salary is an allowable expense, therefore it will reduce the amount of profit chargeable to tax. This may lead to smaller amount of chargeable trading profit compared to when James was operating as a sole trader since he was not receiving salary for working in his company (self employed and hence receive profit only). However, this decision will not only increase James’s employment income and hence PAYE tax but also National Insurance contribution. James will be paying National insurance both class 1 primary and secondary since he is acting as both employee and employer (his company). Therefore after deducting an exemption of £5715 James will be charged 11% as employee up to £43875 and 1% for the remainder and 12.8% as employer. This is different from the sole trader who pays national insurance class 2 for the fixed sum of £2.40 per week provided earnings are above £5075 per annum and class 4 based on the taxable profit where after exempting £5715 he pays 8% up to £43875 and 1% for the remainder. Therefore James’s decision to receive salary as the director of the company will increase his tax liability compared to when he was a sole trader. Another decision James can make is to receive dividend instead of salary. This will result into a high corporation tax due to the fact that dividend is chargeable to investment income. Moreover, James will not receive salary and instead receive dividend, therefore the amount of salary which would decrease the taxable profit will be zero and hence no decrease in taxable profit. However, James would be able to save on the investment income by paying 10% of tax for the first £37400 of his dividends, and then 32.5% for the extra amount up to £112600 and 42.4% for the remainder. This decision will save James a huge amount of tax compared to when he was a sole trader.

Moreover James by incorporating his business he will increase his capital gain tax liability since the gain earned from the sale of business assets will be charged as part of the business profit in corporation tax under Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 at the rate of either 21%, 28% or 29.75% depending on profit level while if he was a sole trader, the gain earned from selling his business assets will be charged 18% or 28% depending on his income level after deducting the annual allowance (£10100). Furthermore, James by incorporating his business he will increase his running expenses since he will have to example employ an accountant to prepare his accounts, etc, therefore these cost since they are tax allowable expenses, they will help James to reduce his corporation tax liability, however the employment of an accountant will increase his PAYE and National Insurance contribution.

CAR OWNERSHIP


Another question which James will be asking himself is whether to retain the car outside the company or should the company own it. Either of the decision will have an impact on tax, therefore James should go with the decision which will reduce his tax liability. As a sole trader, James was using his own car for the business purpose. This was saving him a lot of money on tax since using your own car for business purpose is an allowable expense, this means James will be charging the expenses incurred from the use of the car against his trading profit. This reduces his taxable profit and hence pays less income tax. Moreover, this saves James on the amount to be paid for National insurance. This is due to the fact that, National insurance class 2 is paid out of the self employed person’s total earning, therefore in James’s case, he will have less total earning due to deduction of allowable expenses incurred due to the use of his own car for business purpose.

On the other hand, if James decides to leave the company own the car; he will be charged tax on benefit in kind since James is a P11D employee. Therefore, he will be charged benefit in kind tax depending on the level of CO2 emissions. If the CO2 emission is less than 75g/km then the applicable percentage will be 5%, if it is between 76g/km and 130g/km then the percentage will be 10% and if it is 121g/km to 130g/km then the percentage will be 15% and each additional 5g/km will result into a 1% increase. These percentages will be applied to the lower of either the price of the car less any contribution made by James on the car’s cost up to £5000 or £80000. Moreover the company as James’s employer will be charged National insurance class 1A. This is due to the fact that the company’s car used by James is treated as a benefit in kind. Therefore the company will be charged 12.8% of the total amount assessed for income tax purposes on James as a benefit in kind. However, James can leave the car as his personal car and charge the company on mileage. For the first 10000 miles in the tax year James will be able to charge 40p per mile and 25p per mile for each mile over 10000 miles. This will reduce his corporation tax due to the fact that this is an allowable expense.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION


After discussion of all important matters in relation to Income tax, Value added tax, Capital gain tax, National Insurance and Corporation tax, it can be concluded that, at the end of the sole trader business James should consider his overlap profit and claim an overlap relief if there was an overlap profit at the start or during the business. Moreover he should claim for his VAT paid to suppliers since he is a trader and not a final consumer. Furthermore, James can claim for the capital allowance and should take into consideration capital gain tax since he is exchanging business assets with shares in his limited company. Before the start of the company, James will be required to provide memorandum and articles of association with names of directors and address of the company. Moreover, since his company falls under small size company category, he will be required to prepare his accounts in accordance with the UK GAAP and it will be taxed corporation tax on all of company’s profit including capital gains at the rate of 21% if the profit is less than £300000, 28% for profit above £1500000 and 29.75% for profit between £300001 and £1499999.

James can claim for entrepreneurs’ relief, incorporation relief or terminal trade loss relief if his business suffered a loss in the final year which will help him to minimise his tax liability due to change of ownership. After changing the business into limited company, James can receive salary which will reduce his corporation tax liability and increase his national insurance contribution and PAYE or receive dividend which will increase his investment income and reduce his corporation tax liability and National insurance contribution. Moreover he can decide to leave the car owned by the company which is more expensive compared to when he decides to leave it as a personal car and charge the company on mileage.

From this conclusion, James can be recommended to go ahead with the transfer of the business into a limited company if he thinks that this will help him to maintain his profit or expand his business; however he should consider the possibility of increasing cost of administration and compliance. Moreover, he should claim for any relief available to him such as entrepreneurs’ relief and incorporation relief since these will minimise his tax liability. Furthermore, after the transfer of business, he should receive dividend instead of salary since by receiving dividend he will be saving on tax compared to receiving salary. One more thing is that, James is recommended not to leave the car owned by the company since this will increase his tax liability and instead own it as his personal car and charge the company on mileage.



REFERENCES


Alpha business services (2011) start your own business. Available at: http://www.alphalimited.co.uk/guides/start-your-own-business~8/form-of-company-limitedcompany/  (07/02/2011)

Combs, A., Dixon, S. & Rowes, P. (2010) Taxation: Incorporating the 2010 Finance Act. 29th Ed. Birmingham: Fiscal Publications

HM Revenue and Custom (2011) Capital gain tax on business assets. Available at: http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/cgt/businesses/reliefs.htm (07/02/2011)

HM Revenue and Custom (2011) capital allowances. Available at: http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/businesses/capital-allowances.htm (03/02/2011)


Link for business (2010). Tax issues for sole trader. Available at:http://link4business.info/2010/11/tax-issues-for-sole-traders/ (31/01/2011)

Melville, A. (2011) Taxation: Finance Act 2010. 16th Ed. England: Pearson Education Limited.

Taxation web: sole trader to limited company. Available at:http://www.taxationweb.co.uk/forum/sole-trader-ltd-company-t12.html (31/01/2011)

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